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Imaging of dopants under presence of surface ad-layers
Mika, Filip ; Hovorka, Miloš ; Frank, Luděk
Scanning electron microscopy is widely used for imaging of semiconductor structures. Image contrast between differently doped areas is observable in the secondary electron emission. Quantitative relation exists between the image contrast and the dopant concentration. However, further examination has shown the dopant contrast level of low reproducibility and dependent on additional factors like the primary electron dose, varying energy and angular distributions of the SE emission and also presence of ad-layers on the semiconductor surface.
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Mapping of dopants by electron injection
Hovorka, Miloš ; Konvalina, Ivo ; Frank, Luděk
Dopants in silicon structures locally modify the secondary electron emission, revealing in this way their distribution over the sample. Primary electron beam with energy around 1 keV is usually used for probing the doped structures. However, very low landing energy range has proved itself an efficient tool for mapping dopants in semiconductors.
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